Skip to content

Medical Disclaimer: For reference only; may contain errors. Reconfirm with a qualified physician before clinical use. Report an error

Search

KNOWLEDGE BASE

Clinical Articles & Guides

Free clinical articles, drug guides, and medical calculator explainers written by a practicing doctor in India. Based on NCDC, WHO, ESC, BTS, FOGSI, and KDIGO guidelines.

Free to useEvidence-basedPeer-referenced
Clinical Knowledge Base

Explore 35+ Evidence-Based Guides

Comprehensive, peer-referenced medical literature translated into actionable clinical insights for daily practice, emergency triage, and exam prep.

Explore 62+ Calculators →

Obstetrics & Neonatology

🤰 Obstetrics~12 min

Pregnancy Due Date: How EDD Is Calculated & What to Expect

Naegele's rule, ultrasound dating, IVF EDD, trimester milestones, India's antenatal scan schedule (NT, TIFFA, GDM screening), government schemes (PMMVY, JSY, JSSK), and signs of labour.

FOGSIWHODIPSI
Read Article →
🤰 Obstetrics~9 min

Conception Date Calculator: How to Find Out When You Conceived

Working backwards from EDD or LMP, fertile window and ovulation timing, IVF vs natural conception dating, and what conception date means for gestational age accuracy.

FOGSIACOG
Read Article →
👶 Neonatology~11 min

The APGAR Score: Newborn Assessment in the First Minutes of Life

All 5 components with scoring table, 1-minute vs 5-minute significance, NRP resuscitation protocol, what low scores mean for parents, and APGAR in premature babies.

AAP NRPIAPACOG
Read Article →
👶 Neonatology~12 min

Neonatal Jaundice: Causes, Phototherapy & AAP 2022 Guidelines

Physiological vs pathological jaundice, AAP 2022 updated phototherapy thresholds by age and gestational age, G6PD in India, kernicterus prevention, and warning signs for parents at home.

AAP 2022IAP
Read Article →
🤰 Obstetrics~8 min

Baby Size by Week: How Big Is My Baby at Every Stage?

Week-by-week fetal size chart (4–42 weeks) with length, weight, and fruit/vegetable comparisons, plus how size correlates with gestational age and growth scans.

FOGSIWHO
Read Article →
🤰 Obstetrics~7 min

Urine Pregnancy Test (UPT) Result Interpreter: Faint Line, Dark Line & What They Mean

Complete guide to reading UPT results — faint vs dark lines, evaporation lines, invalid tests, the hook effect, and when to retest or see a doctor.

FOGSIACOG
Read Article →

Renal & Nephrology

🫘 Renal Pharmacology~13 min

Creatinine Clearance & the Cockcroft-Gault Equation

Drug dosing with CrCl, IBW in obese patients, CrCl vs eGFR explained, dose thresholds for vancomycin, DOACs, metformin, aminoglycosides, and AKI considerations.

FDAEMACKD-EPI 2021
Read Article →
🫘 Nephrology~14 min

eGFR & Chronic Kidney Disease: What Your Kidney Numbers Mean

CKD-EPI 2021, why race was removed, G1–G5 and A1–A3 staging, SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD, nephrotoxins to avoid, and when to refer to nephrology.

KDIGO 2024CKD-EPI 2021
Read Article →
🫘 Nephrology~11 min

Corrected Calcium: Why Albumin Changes Everything in Hypocalcaemia

Albumin-corrected calcium formula, ionised vs total calcium, causes of hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia, calcium in CKD, and when to check PTH and vitamin D.

KDIGOEndocrine Society
Read Article →

Cardiology

🫀 Cardiology~13 min

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score: Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation

What each point means, when to anticoagulate, full DOAC comparison, HAS-BLED bleeding risk, warfarin indications, paroxysmal vs permanent AFib, and common myths debunked.

ESC 2020ACC/AHA 2023IHRS
Read Article →
🫀 Cardiology~13 min

Framingham Risk Score: 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Prevention

How Framingham calculates 10-year ASCVD risk, statin thresholds, LDL targets by risk category, limitations in South Asians, and newer risk enhancers like CAC score and hs-CRP.

ACC/AHA 2019ESC 2021
Read Article →
🫀 Cardiology~13 min

GRACE Score: Risk Stratification in Acute Coronary Syndrome

GRACE 2.0 variables, in-hospital vs 6-month mortality, GRACE vs TIMI vs HEART score, early invasive vs conservative strategy, antiplatelet and anticoagulation decisions.

ESC ACS 2023ACC/AHA
Read Article →
🫀 Cardiology~10 min

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): What It Means & Why It Matters

MAP formula, normal range, MAP in septic shock (target ≥65 mmHg), vasopressor thresholds, MAP vs systolic BP in clinical decisions, and MAP in raised intracranial pressure.

Surviving Sepsis 2021ESC
Read Article →

Respiratory Medicine

🫁 Respiratory Medicine~14 min

CURB-65 Score: Pneumonia Severity & Hospital Admission

Bedside scoring, 30-day mortality table, CRB-65 for primary care, antibiotic selection by severity, investigations to order, ICU criteria, and Klebsiella in Indian patients.

BTSIDSA/ATSWHO
Read Article →
🫁 Respiratory Medicine~11 min

NEWS2 Score: Early Warning System for Deteriorating Patients

All 7 physiological parameters, score thresholds and escalation triggers, NEWS2 vs MEWS, use in COVID-19 and sepsis, and how nursing teams use it for triage on wards.

RCP 2017NICE
Read Article →

Emergency & Trauma

🔥 Emergency & Trauma~13 min

The Parkland Formula for Burn Resuscitation

TBSA, Rule of Nines, 8-hour vs 16-hour timing, Modified Brooke comparison, urine output targets, paediatric burns, fluid creep warning, and the most common clinical mistakes.

ABAWHO Burn Care
Read Article →
🔥 Emergency & Trauma~10 min

Shock Index: A Rapid Bedside Tool for Haemodynamic Instability

Shock index formula (HR÷SBP), normal vs abnormal values, use in trauma, PPH, ectopic pregnancy, and MI, modified shock index, and limitations in elderly and hypertensive patients.

ATLSWHO Trauma
Read Article →
🔥 Emergency & Trauma~11 min

ORS & Rehydration Therapy: WHO Protocol for Diarrhoea & Dehydration

WHO ORS composition, Plan A/B/C dehydration management, volumes by weight and age, home-made ORS preparation, rice ORS, Zinc supplementation, and when to escalate to IV fluids.

WHO 2005IAPIAPGCON
Read Article →

Metabolic & Endocrine

⚖️ Metabolic Health~12 min

BMI for Indians: Why India Uses Different Cutoffs & What Your Number Means

Why "at risk" starts at BMI 23 for Indians, the thin-fat Indian phenotype, visceral adiposity, waist circumference thresholds, BMI limitations, and a full metabolic risk assessment guide.

WHO Asian CutoffsICMR
Read Article →
⚖️ Metabolic Health~11 min

HbA1c: What Your 3-Month Blood Sugar Average Means

DCCT % vs IFCC mmol/mol conversion, HbA1c targets by age and comorbidity, estimated average glucose (eAG), HbA1c unreliability in haemoglobinopathies and CKD, and fructosamine as alternative.

ADA 2024RSSDIIDF
Read Article →
💊 Pharmacology~12 min

Steroid Equivalence & Conversion: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone & Beyond

Full equivalence table (prednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone), anti-inflammatory vs mineralocorticoid potency, tapering principles, and adrenal suppression risk.

BNFEndocrine Society
Read Article →

Neurology & Haematology

🧠 Neurology~12 min

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): Complete Neurological Assessment Guide

Scoring E/V/M in detail, GCS severity classification (mild/moderate/severe TBI), the intubated T-modifier, Adelaide paediatric scale, reversible causes of low GCS, and the "drop of 2" red flag rule.

BTFNICE CG176
Read Article →
🧠 Neurology~11 min

ABCD² Score: Stroke Risk After TIA & the 2-Day Window

ABCD² scoring variables, 2-day and 7-day stroke risk by score, the critical 48-hour investigation window, dual antiplatelet therapy, carotid imaging urgency, and TIA mimics to exclude.

ESO 2021AHA/ASA 2021
Read Article →
🩸 Haematology~13 min

Wells Score for DVT & PE: Diagnosing Venous Blood Clots

DVT and PE pre-test probability scoring, when to use D-Dimer vs direct imaging, age-adjusted D-Dimer, CTPA vs ultrasound pathways, DOAC treatment, and duration of anticoagulation.

ESC PE 2019ACCP
Read Article →
🩸 Haematology~10 min

Mentzer Index: Differentiating Iron Deficiency from Thalassaemia Trait

Mentzer index formula (MCV÷RBC), IDA vs beta-thalassaemia trait cut-off, sensitivity and specificity, other discriminant indices (England-Fraser, Shine-Lal), and next steps when the index is borderline.

ASHICMR Thalassaemia
Read Article →

Critical Care & Acid-Base

🏥 Critical Care~13 min

SOFA Score: Organ Failure, Sepsis-3 & ICU Mortality

Full 6-organ SOFA scoring table, Sepsis-3 definition, ICU mortality by score, delta-SOFA trend analysis, qSOFA bedside screening, and the Hour-1 sepsis bundle.

Sepsis-3Surviving Sepsis 2021
Read Article →
🏥 Critical Care~10 min

qSOFA Score: Rapid Sepsis Screening Outside the ICU

Three-variable bedside qSOFA (RR, GCS, SBP), sensitivity vs specificity trade-offs, qSOFA vs SIRS vs NEWS2, when a score of ≥2 should change your management, and the Sepsis-3 flowchart.

Sepsis-3Surviving Sepsis 2021
Read Article →
🧪 Acid-Base~13 min

Anion Gap: MUDPILES, HARDUPS, Delta Ratio & Mixed Disorders

AG formula, albumin correction, HAGMA vs NAGMA causes, delta ratio for mixed disorders, Winter's formula for respiratory compensation, and step-by-step ABG interpretation.

ATS/ERS ABG
Read Article →
🫁 Gastroenterology~12 min

MELD Score: Liver Disease Severity & Transplant Waitlist Priority

MELD and MELD-Na formulas, 3-month mortality by score, MELD 3.0 with sex variable, transplant listing thresholds in India, TIPS candidacy, and what the score means for patients' families.

AASLD 2022EASLILTS
Read Article →

Paediatric Medicine

👶 Paediatric Medicine~11 min

Holliday-Segar Method: Paediatric Maintenance Fluid Calculation

4-2-1 rule vs daily volume method, fluid choice (0.9% saline vs 0.45% saline, dextrose concentration), hyponatraemia risk in hospitalised children, and NICE guidance on isotonic fluids.

NICE NG29AAPIAP
Read Article →
👶 Paediatric Medicine~12 min

Paediatric Dehydration: Assessment, Scoring & WHO Rehydration Plans

Clinical signs of mild/moderate/severe dehydration, WHO dehydration assessment scale, Plan A/B/C rehydration, when to use IV vs oral route, and red flags that need hospital admission.

WHO IMCIIAPNICE
Read Article →

Psychiatry & Preventive Medicine

🧠 Psychiatry~11 min

PHQ-9 & GAD-7: Screening for Depression & Anxiety in Clinical Practice

Complete PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scoring, severity cut-offs, treatment thresholds, sensitivity and specificity, use in primary care in India, and how to follow up scores over time.

WHO mhGAPNICE CG90APA DSM-5
Read Article →
💉 Preventive Medicine~13 min

India's Universal Immunisation Programme: Complete UIP Vaccine Schedule

Full IAP 2023 recommended childhood schedule from birth to 15 years, government UIP vaccines vs IAP additional vaccines, cold chain requirements, missed dose catch-up, and state-level additions.

IAP 2023NHP IndiaWHO EPI
Read Article →

62+ Free Clinical Calculators

Every article on this blog has a matching calculator — fast, accurate, and built by a practicing doctor in India. No login. No data stored. Works on any device.

Browse All Calculators →